The aim of this paper is to provide guidance for formulating an individual’s cognitive profile and how this can be used to personalise treatments for optimum cognitive and functional out-comes based on first a critique of current models of psychopathology in relation to cognitive functioning followed by a description of key methods for assessing objective and subjective cognitive functioning and how this information can be used to formulate a patient’s cognitive profile and tailor treatment. In this way the paper has a narrative or selective approach to the literature.
Overall, I find that the paper should be more systematical in its approach including a systematic search on or an overview of selected areas within the overall aim of the paper with presentation of the findings in Tables/Figures. Accordingly, the title of the paper could be added “a systematical review or an overview to “Formulating cognitive functioning to guide personalised treatment for people diagnosed with mental disorders – a systematical review or an over-view…”
Some sections are overly long or read as something from a textbook rather than a scientific paper, e.g., the sections on “Measuring objective cognitive functioning in mental disorders“ and partly the section on “Subjective cognitive functioning in mental disorders”.

Re the sentence in the Conclusion: “We argue that cognition should be assessed independently of presenting psychopathology because it is a strong and transdiagnostic predictor of functional outcomes and can guide clinical practice in a more personalised way”.
The paper does not provide evidence for the statement that “cognition should be assessed independently of presenting psychopathology”. As far as I am aware, e.g., the association between severity of mood symptoms and the association of cognitive impairments has not been systematically reviewed recently. A meta-analysis from 2009 (J Affect Disord. 2009 Dec;119(1-3):1-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2009.04.022. Epub 2009 May 9. A meta-analysis of depression severity and cognitive function. Lisa M McDermott 1, Klaus P Ebmeier PMID: 19428120) showed that “Significant correlations between depression severity and cognitive performance were found in the domains of episodic memory, executive function, and processing speed, but not for semantic memory or visuo-spatial memory. For both timed and un-timed cognitive measures there were equally significant correlations with depression severity.”

What are the pros and cons for assessing cognition independently of presenting psychopathology in clinical practice …? E.g., on a population level and based on a cost-effective approach, it may not be feasible to test all individuals with a mental illness in hospital out-patient settings. Should you not focus on or start with patients who have obtained response or remission from psychiatric psychopathology as part of their psychiatric treatment – and test these for cognitive impairment (subjectively and objectively) ?
E.g. a paper (Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2024 Jul:84:27-34. doi: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2024.04.013. Epub 2024 Apr 20. Implementing cognitive screenings for outpatients with bipolar disorder following optimised treatment in a specialised mood disorder clinic. Miskowiak et al. PMID: 38643698) found that cognitive screenings were relatively easily implementable, involving only a 1.5 h session including mood ratings, feedback and cognitive strategy discussion. The study highlights the clinical relevance and feasibility of cognitive screenings in BD patients, emphasizing the need for tailored interventions given frequent cognitive impairment in clinically stable individuals.

Specific issues
Re. “Within bipolar disorder, while cross-sectional evidence suggests a relationship between number of mood episodes and severity of cognitive impairment, longitudinal studies show relative stability in cognition over several years (Bora & Ozerdem, 2017; Sanchez-Morla et al., 2019; Szmulewicz, Valerio, & Martino, 2019).” I suggest adding that longitudinal data on the other hand suggest that unipolar and bipolar disorders is associated with increased risk of development of dementia in the long run, e.g. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2017 Jan;135(1):51-64. doi: 10.1111/acps.12667. Epub 2016 Nov 10. Evidence for clinical progression of unipo-lar and bipolar disorders L V Kessing 1 2, P K Andersen 3 PMID: 27858964.

The sentence: “However, the relationship between stage or severity of mental disorder with cognitive function has not been elucidated“ should be revised to “However, the relationship between stage or severity of mental disorder with cognitive function has rarely been elucidated“, e.g.:

J Affect Disord. 2023 Oct 15:339:153-161. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2023.07.026. Epub 2023 Jul 11. Early longitudinal changes in brain structure and cognitive functioning in remitted patients with recently diagnosed bipolar disorder
Julian Macoveanu 1, Viktoria Damgaard 2, Alexander Tobias Ysbæk-Nielsen 2, Sophia Fran-gou 3, Lakshmi N Yatham 4, Trisha Chakrabarty 4, Marie Eschau Stougaard 5, Gitte Moos Knudsen 6, Maj Vinberg 7, Lars Vedel Kessing 8, Hanne Lie Kjærstad 5, Kamilla Woznica Mis-kowiak 2 PMID: 37442440.

Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2023 Feb:67:4-21. doi: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2022.11.004. Epub 2022 Nov 30. The trajectory of emotional and non-emotional cognitive function in newly diagnosed patients with bipolar disorder and their unaffected relatives: A 16-month follow-up study. Hanne Lie Kjærstad 1, Kristine Søhol 2, Maj Vinberg 3, Lars Vedel Kessing 4, Kamilla Woznica Miskowiak 5 PMID: 36462414

Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2023 Jun:71:9-24. doi: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2023.03.005. Epub 2023 Mar 23. The longitudinal trajectory of emotional cognition in subgroups of recently di-agnosed patients with bipolar disorder. Luisa de Siqueira Rotenberg 1, Hanne Lie Kjær-stad 2, Cristina Varo 3, Maj Vinberg 4, Lars Vedel Kessing 5, Beny Lafer 1, Kamilla Woznica Miskowiak 6 PMID: 36965236

J Affect Disord. 2022 Aug 15:311:115-125. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2022.05.045. Epub 2022 May 14. Differential trajectory of cognitive functions in neurocognitive subgroups of newly diagnosed patients with bipolar disorder and their unaffected first-degree relatives - A longitudi-nal study. Hanne Lie Kjærstad 1, Emilie Poulsen 2, Maj Vinberg 3, Lars Vedel Kessing 2, Kamilla Woznica Miskowiak 4
PMID: 35577157