Abstract

Iron overload is a key target in drug development. This study aimed to investigate the coordination of Fe(III) ions with a curcumin-oxime ligand that may be used in the treatment of iron overload. The synthesis of the curcumin-oxime ligand and curcumin-oxime-Fe(III) complex was successfully made and characterized in its solid-state and solution-state using FT-IR, UV-Vis, elemental analysis, and H-1-NMR. However, in this study, we investigated the apoptotic effects of the curcumin-oxime Fe (III) complex on SW480. SW480 cells were exposed to 99.2% medium for 48 hours. After 48 hours, the incubation period, cells were harvested by centrifugation and washed in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and lysed in radio-immunoprecipitation assay (RIPA) buffer for 20 minutes and supernatants were taken and pellets were discarded. ELISA test was used to examine the expression, and activity of cleaved caspase-3, Bax, and Bcl-2 proteins in SW480 cells. ELISA test results indicated that the activities of apoptotic proteins Bax, caspase 3 and Bcl-2 in human SW480 cell lines significantly increased in 48 hours treatment. Also, the activity of Bcl-2 was observed to decrease significantly. Catalase activities of the complex were investigated. The findings showed that the complex has a catalase activity. The findings suggest that this type of complex may constitute a new and interesting basis for the future search of new and more potent drugs. The SOD activity of the result showed that the complexes possessed a considerable SOD activity with an IC50 value of 7.685 mu M. Also, when compared with the control, a complex increased the SOD levels (P < .05). Electrochemistry studies in the literature have shown that the Fe3+/Fe(2+)couple redox process occurs in low potential. This value is within the range of compounds that are expected to show superoxide dismutase activity. The I-pc/I(pa)shows that one electron transport takes place in the complex. Our results suggest that curcumin-oxime may represent a new approach in the treatment of iron overload.


Authors

Ozbolat, Guluzar;  Yegani, Arash Alizadeh

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  • 1 reviewer
  • pre-publication peer review (FINAL ROUND)
    Decision Letter
    2020/05/22

    Dear Mrs. Özbolat,

    Ms id: CEPP-20-0087.R2
    Ms title: Synthesis, characterization, biological activity and electrochemistry studies of iron(III) complex with curcumin-oxime ligand

    We are delighted to confirm that your manuscript is now suitable for publication in Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology.

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    Author Response
    2020/05/21

    Dear Editor,
    Thank you very much for the constructive and fair comments for our manuscript. We revised the manuscript in light of the reviewer’s valuable comments and below are our responses.
    Reviewer: 1
    Thank you very much for the constructive comments.

    REFEREES COMMENTS TO THE AUTHOR(S)
    The authors tried to revise the manuscript as per suggestions. However, there are still some major concerns.

    1. In the abstract and introduction section, the authors mentioned that they investigated the apoptotic effect of thymoquinone (TQ) Fe (III) complex on SW480. But the manuscript is about curcumin-oxime. Please clear this point.
      Sorry, Timokinon is my other work due to at the same time I was writing the two manuscript together, so there has been a mistake. I Corrected

    2. Again in section 2.1 the authors used expression such as "several time" and " very good". This is a research paper and the results should be explained statistically. Therefore, explain the result using statistical data.
      This is a research paper and the results should be explained statistically. Therefore, explain the result using statistical data.

    3. The figures are FTIR are not properly visible and not explained in the result section. For example, which wavelength corresponds to which functional group and what are the significance of the overlapping wavelengths and what they signifies.
      The corrections has been made.
      Values of OH, C-H, C = O and C = C IR spectrum's bands of curcumin compound were observed respectively at 3502 cm-1, 2845 cm-1, 1622 cm-1, 1512-1465 cm-1.
      The values of OH, C-H, C = O and C = C IR spectrum's bands of curcumin oxime compound were observed respectively at 3420 cm-1, 2650 cm-1, 1635cm-1, 1552-1455 cm-1.

    It is observed that the band of 1622 cm-1 in curcumin compound has shifted to 1218 cm-1 region due to the formation of C = N-OH group in curcumin oxime compound.

    1. In the section 4, sub-classication is missing. example 4.1, 4.2......and so on.
      The corrections has been made.

    2. In the figure legends SW48 is mentioned in place of SW480.
      The corrections has been made.

    3. In the section 2.1, authors told that the complex increased the cytotoxicity, but the figure 5 showed that cell viability increased. Please explain.
      Fig.6, 7 and 8 lack statistical analysis.
      The corrections has been made.

    4. The presentation of the manuscript needs serious improvements.
      The corrections has been made.

    Reviewer: 2
    Thank you very much for the constructive comments.

    REFEREES COMMENTS TO THE AUTHOR(S)
    Although authors’ tried their best to rearrange their manuscript, this study still requires major concerns. This reviewer’s points are as follows:
    1. This study requires severe English correction. (Thank you very much for this fair comment. As for academic English use, our manuscript has been edited by an editing company to improve language)
    2. Authors need to rearrange their data professionally. Data presentation is not appropriate. Statistics is missing in figures as well as in the results section (apoptotic markers).
    The corrections have been made according your requested. Statistical results are added to the figures.

    1. Oxidative stress not measured.
      We had no budget for oxidative stress tests.

    2. FTIR figures could be merged as Fig.3 (A) ligand and Fig. 3 (B) complex.
      FTIR results were combined.

    3. What is complex, ligand, and curcumin-oxime complex? It is still confusing and not reader-friendly.
      Our ligand is curcumin-oxime. In our complex, curcumin oxime is iron complex.

    4. This study is ambiguous. Data doesn’t match the explanation. Authors explained curcumin-oxime complex cytotoxicity and added thymoquinone data. Both of these compounds are different and are from a different source such as Curcumin from Curcuma longa and Thymoquinone from Nigella sativa. Please explain.
      Sorry, Timokinon is my other work due to at the same time I was writing the two manuscript together, so there has been a mistake. I Corrected.

    5. They should unify their study with either Curcumin or Thymoquinone.
      There has been a mistake. corrected.

    6. Even though they added new figures, but still not correctly presented.
      Figures are statistically corrected.

    7. Detail Methods for measuring Bax, Bcl2, caspase should be mention in materials and methods (including kit source, company etc.).
      All have been added.

    8. Fig.9 legend should be rearranged.
      Statistical results have been added to the figures. Excessive shapes have been removed. Necessary arrangements have been made.

    Reviewer: 3

    Thank you very much for the constructive comments.

    REFEREES COMMENTS TO THE AUTHOR(S)
    The title of the manuscript is about iron overload diseases which is a broad category. Iron overload disorders might be associated with cancer progression, but the data shown by the authors are not sufficient to show that curcumin oxime works against all iron overload diseases. If the authors are unable to perform in vivo experiments then they should be more specific in the tile of the manuscript. I suggest the title should be changed and more specific for the data presented in the manuscript. Moreover, please explain about thymoquinone (TQ) Fe (III) complex and why the authors used it and please show the related data.

    Thank you very much for your constructive comments. Thymoquinone is another work of mine, I was trying to write it simultaneously, so it was confused. Corrections were made. As for the title, According to your valuable suggestion has been changed to Synthesis, characterization, biological activity and electrochemistry studies of iron(III) complex with curcumin-oxime ligand



    Cite this author response
  • pre-publication peer review (ROUND 2)
    Decision Letter
    2020/05/18

    Dear Mrs. Özbolat,

    Ms: CEPP-20-0087.R1
    Title: Curcumin-oxime: A novel iron chelating ligand for iron overload diseases
    Type: Original Article - Other

    Your paper has now been returned from our reviewers. The reviewers found your work of interest, but also raised a number of serious concerns which preclude us from accepting it, at least in its current form. We invite you to respond to the reviewers' concerns and submit a revised manuscript. This invitation does not guarantee your paper will eventually be accepted for publication in CEPP.

    If you would like help with English language editing, or other article preparation support, Wiley Editing Services offers expert help with English Language Editing, as well as translation, manuscript formatting, and figure formatting at www.wileyauthors.com/eeo/preparation. You can also check out our resources for Preparing Your Article for general guidance about writing and preparing your manuscript at www.wileyauthors.com/eeo/prepresources.

    If your paper is English language edited, please be aware that the Journal requires the individual/company providing such help to be acknowledged in the appropriate section.

    Please note that the reviewers have identified deficiencies in the statistical analysis that will need to be addressed in your revision. Please refer to the comments below and the CEPP Instructions for Authors for further information.

    To view the journal's author guidelines please access the following link:

    https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/page/journal/14401681/homepage/forauthors.html

    If you wish to revise your manuscript, log on to Manuscript Central at: http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/cepp, and click on the "Author Center" where you will find your manuscript title listed under 'Manuscripts with Decisions.' Under "Actions," click on "Create a Revision." Your manuscript number has been appended to denote a revision.

    You will be unable to use your originally submitted manuscript to make your revisions. Instead, you should revise your manuscript using a word processor and then resubmit the revised version and any figures/tables. Ensure the revised manuscript is marked R1. Use red font instead of black to indicate the revised portions of your manuscript. Please remember to upload all relevant documentation including your figures and tables. If these are not included they will not be included in the information sent through to publishing.

    When submitting your revised manuscript, you will be able to respond to the comments made by the reviewer(s) in the space provided. You can use this space to document any changes you made to the original manuscript. In order to expedite the processing of the revised manuscript, please be as specific as possible in your response to the reviewer(s).

    We look forward to hearing from you. If we do not receive your revision within six months your paper will be withdrawn. Please contact us if you require more time to revise.

    Yours sincerely,

    Prof. Jun-Ping Liu
    Editor-in-Chief, Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology

    Reviewers' comments to Authors:
    Reviewer: 1

    REFEREES COMMENTS TO THE AUTHOR(S)
    The authors tried to revise the manuscript as per suggestions. However, there are still some major concerns.
    1. In the abstract and introduction section, the authors mentioned that they investigated the apoptotic effect of thymoquinone (TQ) Fe (III) complex on SW480. But the manuscript is about curcumin-oxime. Please clear this point.
    2. Again in section 2.1 the authors used expression such as "several time" and " very good". This is a research paper and the results should be explained statistically. Therefore, explain the result using statistical data.
    3. The figures are FTIR are not properly visible and not explained in the result section. For example, which wavelength corresponds to which functional group and what are the significance of the overlapping wavelengths and what they signifies.
    4. In the section 4, sub-classication is missing. example 4.1, 4.2......and so on.
    5. In the figure legends SW48 is mentioned in place of SW480.
    6. In the section 2.1, authors told that the complex increased the cytotoxicity, but the figure 5 showed that cell viability increased. Please explain.
    Fig.6, 7 and 8 lack statistical analysis.
    7. The presentation of the manuscript needs serious improvements.

    Reviewer: 2

    REFEREES COMMENTS TO THE AUTHOR(S)
    Although authors’ tried their best to rearrange their manuscript, this study still requires major concerns. This reviewer’s points are as follows:
    1. This study requires severe English correction.
    2. Authors need to rearrange their data professionally. Data presentation is not appropriate. Statistics is missing in figures as well as in the results section (apoptotic markers).
    3. Oxidative stress not measured.
    4. FTIR figures could be merged as Fig.3 (A) ligand and Fig. 3 (B) complex.
    5. What is complex, ligand, and curcumin-oxime complex? It is still confusing and not reader-friendly.
    6. This study is ambiguous. Data doesn’t match the explanation. Authors explained curcumin-oxime complex cytotoxicity and added thymoquinone data. Both of these compounds are different and are from a different source such as Curcumin from Curcuma longa and Thymoquinone from Nigella sativa. Please explain.
    7. They should unify their study with either Curcumin or Thymoquinone.
    8. Even though they added new figures, but still not correctly presented.
    9. Detail Methods for measuring Bax, Bcl2, caspase should be mention in materials and methods (including kit source, company etc.).
    10. Fig.9 legend should be rearranged.

    Reviewer: 3

    REFEREES COMMENTS TO THE AUTHOR(S)
    The title of the manuscript is about iron overload diseases which is a broad category. Iron overload disorders might be associated with cancer progression, but the data shown by the authors are not sufficient to show that curcumin oxime works against all iron overload diseases. If the authors are unable to perform in vivo experiments then they should be more specific in the tile of the manuscript. I suggest the title should be changed and more specific for the data presented in the manuscript. Moreover, please explain about thymoquinone (TQ) Fe (III) complex and why authors used it and please show the related data.

    Reviewer report
    2020/05/14

    Although authors’ tried their best to rearrange their manuscript, this study still requires major concerns. This reviewer’s points are as follows:
    1. This study requires severe English correction.
    2. Authors need to rearrange their data professionally. Data presentation is not appropriate. Statistics is missing in figures as well as in the results section (apoptotic markers).
    3. Oxidative stress not measured.
    4. FTIR figures could be merged as Fig.3 (A) ligand and Fig. 3 (B) complex.
    5. What is complex, ligand, and curcumin-oxime complex? It is still confusing and not reader-friendly.
    6. This study is ambiguous. Data doesn’t match the explanation. Authors explained curcumin-oxime complex cytotoxicity and added thymoquinone data. Both of these compounds are different and are from a different source such as Curcumin from Curcuma longa and Thymoquinone from Nigella sativa. Please explain.
    7. They should unify their study with either Curcumin or Thymoquinone.
    8. Even though they added new figures, but still not correctly presented.
    9. Detail Methods for measuring Bax, Bcl2, caspase should be mention in materials and methods (including kit source, company etc.).
    10. Fig.9 legend should be rearranged.

    Reviewed by
    Cite this review
    Reviewer report
    2020/05/14

    The title of the manuscript is about iron overload diseases which is a broad category. Iron overload disorders might be associated with cancer progression, but the data shown by the authors are not sufficient to show that curcumin oxime works against all iron overload diseases. If the authors are unable to perform in vivo experiments then they should be more specific in the tile of the manuscript. I suggest the title should be changed and more specific for the data presented in the manuscript. Moreover, please explain about thymoquinone (TQ) Fe (III) complex and why authors used it and please show the related data.

    Reviewed by
    Cite this review
    Reviewer report
    2020/05/14

    The authors tried to revise the manuscript as per suggestions. However, there are still some major concerns.
    1. In the abstract and introduction section, the authors mentioned that they investigated the apoptotic effect of thymoquinone (TQ) Fe (III) complex on SW480. But the manuscript is about curcumin-oxime. Please clear this point.
    2. Again in section 2.1 the authors used expression such as "several time" and " very good". This is a research paper and the results should be explained statistically. Therefore, explain the result using statistical data.
    3. The figures are FTIR are not properly visible and not explained in the result section. For example, which wavelength corresponds to which functional group and what are the significance of the overlapping wavelengths and what they signifies.
    4. In the section 4, sub-classication is missing. example 4.1, 4.2......and so on.
    5. In the figure legends SW48 is mentioned in place of SW480.
    6. In the section 2.1, authors told that the complex increased the cytotoxicity, but the figure 5 showed that cell viability increased. Please explain.
    Fig.6, 7 and 8 lack statistical analysis.
    7. The presentation of the manuscript needs serious improvements.

    Reviewed by
    Cite this review
    Author Response
    2020/04/29

    Reviewer: 1:
    First of all Thank you for your suggestions.
    1. In Section 2.1, We just showed the results. The methodology is given in the material-method section along with the references.
    2. We were planning to publish two articles from this study. We were going to release the Huvec cell line and SW480 cell line separately. We had the HUVEC cell line, so we tried it. But after the referee reviews, we decided to publish it as the one publication. We have added the section with the SW480 (human colorectal adenocarcinoma cell line) cell line.
    3. We compared SOD and Catalase experiments with the curcumin-Fe (III) complex, which was our previous study in the discussion. We have been investigating curcumin-oxime on this topic for the first time.
    4. Figure writings have been corrected.

    Reviewer: 2
    This is an invitro basic step research. Since we covered the experimental costs ourselves, we have been able to do so much for now. Experiment will also be done in vivo.

    Reviewer: 3
    Thank you for your suggestions.
    1- In summary, the complex is defined as curcumin-oxime-Fe (III).
    2. The rationale for this study is clearly stated.
    3. We aimed to write two articles from this study, we looked at the apoptic effect on the SW480 cell line. After your criticisms, we decided to publish a single. We combined the data. We had the Huvec cell line, we tried it. We were going to publish the experiments carried out in the original SW480 separately, but we combined. We currently cover the expenses of the work, as there is a problem in our country in project supports.
    4. This is our experiment for the reasons listed above. We will of course investigate the studies in the in vivo model. If we can provide the necessary budget.
    5. We have added the figures you want.
    6. We gave the value of P.
    7. The figures were explained.
    8. The results were compared with curcumin.



    Cite this author response
  • pre-publication peer review (ROUND 1)
    Decision Letter
    2020/03/03

    Dear Mrs. Özbolat,

    Ms: CEPP-20-0087
    Title: Curcumin-oxime: A novel iron chelating ligand for iron overload diseases
    Type: Original Article - Other

    Your paper has now been returned from our reviewers. The reviewers found your work of interest, but also raised a number of serious concerns which preclude us from accepting it, at least in its current form. We invite you to respond to the reviewers' concerns and submit a revised manuscript. This invitation does not guarantee your paper will eventually be accepted for publication in CEPP.

    If you would like help with English language editing, or other article preparation support, Wiley Editing Services offers expert help with English Language Editing, as well as translation, manuscript formatting, and figure formatting at www.wileyauthors.com/eeo/preparation. You can also check out our resources for Preparing Your Article for general guidance about writing and preparing your manuscript at www.wileyauthors.com/eeo/prepresources.

    If your paper is English language edited, please be aware that the Journal requires the individual/company providing such help to be acknowledged in the appropriate section.

    To view the journal's author guidelines please access the following link:

    https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/page/journal/14401681/homepage/forauthors.html

    If you wish to revise your manuscript, log on to Manuscript Central at: http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/cepp, and click on the "Author Center" where you will find your manuscript title listed under 'Manuscripts with Decisions.' Under "Actions," click on "Create a Revision." Your manuscript number has been appended to denote a revision.

    You will be unable to use your originally submitted manuscript to make your revisions. Instead, you should revise your manuscript using a word processor and then resubmit the revised version and any figures/tables. Ensure the revised manuscript is marked R1. Use red font instead of black to indicate the revised portions of your manuscript. Please remember to upload all relevant documentation including your figures and tables. If these are not included they will not be included in the information sent through to publishing.

    When submitting your revised manuscript, you will be able to respond to the comments made by the reviewer(s) in the space provided. You can use this space to document any changes you made to the original manuscript. In order to expedite the processing of the revised manuscript, please be as specific as possible in your response to the reviewer(s).

    We look forward to hearing from you. If we do not receive your revision within six months your paper will be withdrawn. Please contact us if you require more time to revise.

    Yours sincerely,

    Prof. Jun-Ping Liu
    Editor-in-Chief, Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology

    Reviewers' comments to Authors:
    Reviewer: 1

    REFEREES COMMENTS TO THE AUTHOR(S)
    The manuscript “Curcumin-oxime: …… iron overload diseases” by Özbolat et al. suggested curcumin-oxime as a new approach in the treatment of iron overload. However, the manuscript only catalase and SOD activity is not sufficient to explain this effect. Moreover, there are several other points that need to be addressed in this manuscript.
    1. The section 2.1 must explain only the results, and the methodology must be provided in materials and methods section in detail along with references.
    2. Authors must explain why they used HUVEC cell lines and what is the significance of doing cytotoxic assay. Further, the results are not explained properly. Some expressions used here are not appropriate for explaining the results in research paper, eg. several times, very good etc.
    3. Authors showed catalase and SOD activity but lacked the explanation and significance of these experiments in the discussion section.
    4. The figure legends are poorly written

    Reviewer: 2

    REFEREES COMMENTS TO THE AUTHOR(S)
    The manuscript “Curcumin-oxime: A novel iron chelating ligand for iron overload diseases” by Mrs. Gülüzar Özbolat showed the synthesis of curcumin oxime ligand and its iron chelating property. Although the concept is good, the manuscript lacks presentation and experimental details. Moreover, the experiments are also not sufficient to prove curcumin oxime against iron overload diseases.

    Reviewer: 3

    REFEREES COMMENTS TO THE AUTHOR(S)
    In this study authors’ demonstrated that in in vitro study curcumin-oxime acts as an iron chelator and has the potential to exhibit a positive effect on iron overload. This study requires major concern.

    1. Authors must define the word complex in Abstract section.
    2. Rationale of this study is not clear.
    3. Authors must perform additional experiments such as western blot analysis for cytotoxic marker or FACS for apoptosis. Over all data is not enough.
    4. In title authors mention iron-overload diseases, however, in their study iron overload model is missing. They must investigate their study in in vivo model.
    5. Authors mentioned the synthesis and characterization of curcumin-oxime ligand but they failed to show the figures /graphs and data of FTIR, NMR, and UV visible studies. Authors must add the data to their manuscript.
    6. Detailed statistical analysis is missing in material and method section. In addition, P-values are missing in result section. This is a major issue.
    7. Detailed figure legend is missing in all the figures, especially Figure 2 and 3.
    8. Authors must explain why they did not compare their results with curcumin alone?

    Reviewer report
    2020/02/26

    The manuscript “Curcumin-oxime: …… iron overload diseases” by Özbolat et al. suggested curcumin-oxime as a new approach in the treatment of iron overload. However, the manuscript only catalase and SOD activity is not sufficient to explain this effect. Moreover, there are several other points that need to be addressed in this manuscript.
    1. The section 2.1 must explain only the results, and the methodology must be provided in materials and methods section in detail along with references.
    2. Authors must explain why they used HUVEC cell lines and what is the significance of doing cytotoxic assay. Further, the results are not explained properly. Some expressions used here are not appropriate for explaining the results in research paper, eg. several times, very good etc.
    3. Authors showed catalase and SOD activity but lacked the explanation and significance of these experiments in the discussion section.
    4. The figure legends are poorly written

    Reviewed by
    Cite this review
    Reviewer report
    2020/02/26

    In this study authors’ demonstrated that in in vitro study curcumin-oxime acts as an iron chelator and has the potential to exhibit a positive effect on iron overload. This study requires major concern.

    1. Authors must define the word complex in Abstract section.
    2. Rationale of this study is not clear.
    3. Authors must perform additional experiments such as western blot analysis for cytotoxic marker or FACS for apoptosis. Over all data is not enough.
    4. In title authors mention iron-overload diseases, however, in their study iron overload model is missing. They must investigate their study in in vivo model.
    5. Authors mentioned the synthesis and characterization of curcumin-oxime ligand but they failed to show the figures /graphs and data of FTIR, NMR, and UV visible studies. Authors must add the data to their manuscript.
    6. Detailed statistical analysis is missing in material and method section. In addition, P-values are missing in result section. This is a major issue.
    7. Detailed figure legend is missing in all the figures, especially Figure 2 and 3.
    8. Authors must explain why they did not compare their results with curcumin alone?

    Reviewed by
    Cite this review
    Reviewer report
    2020/02/26

    The manuscript “Curcumin-oxime: A novel iron chelating ligand for iron overload diseases” by Mrs. Gülüzar Özbolat showed the synthesis of curcumin oxime ligand and its iron chelating property. Although the concept is good, the manuscript lacks presentation and experimental details. Moreover, the experiments are also not sufficient to prove curcumin oxime against iron overload diseases.

    Reviewed by
    Cite this review
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