This study is about the relations of exclusion and inclusion, domination and subordination, social hierarchies, caste oligarchies, and role of Sufism, Islam or religion in general in the reproduction of such relations.The study furnishes insights into the social hierarchies and the resilience of caste as it functions in Pakistan, the region that is under-researched. I believe the paper makes a compulsory reading to understand the micro-to-macro process of politics and economy, and can be used to draw comparisons across South Asia and Africa to analyse class systems.