Listeria monocytogenes (LM) is a food-borne pathogen that can cause listeriosis. Pregnant women are main target population of listeriosis due to pregnancy-associated immune deficiency and unique intracellular infection ability of LM to non-phagocytic cells. LM can cross the placental barrier and cause significant harm to the fetus, including premature birth, miscarriage and even stillbirth. The role of placenta-specific virulence factors is particularly important for researchers to understand how it crosses the placental barrier and infects the fetus during LM infection. This review started by describing the listeriosis in pregnant women, followed by summarizing the advances in understanding the LM vertical transplacental infection and the mechanism of LM colonization in the placenta. Finally, recent advances in identifying placenta-specific virulence factors involved in LM infections were presented, with the aim to facilitate the control of LM transplacental infection and the improvement of food safety.